In 1620, “Virginia” extended far beyond its current boundaries and the Mayflower was originally meant to land at its “northern Parts,” specifically the Hudson River. When the Mayflower attempted to sail around Cape Cod to reach the Hudson, contrary winds and dangerous shoals forced the ship to turn around and instead anchor in modern day Provincetown Harbor on November 11, 1620.

English colonies at the time required “patents” – documents granted by the king or authorized companies which gave permission to settle at a particular place.  Since the Mayflower passengers had obtained a patent for Virginia, when they instead landed in New England this patent was no longer valid.  Any sort of authority the group’s leaders could have derived from this patent was therefore also suspect, and some passengers threatened that “when they came ashore they would use their own liberty, for none had power to command them, the patent they had being for Virginia and not for New England” (Bradford).

These “mutinous speeches” from some of the passengers lead to the creation of the “association and agreement” to “combine together in one body” that we now call the Mayflower Compact (Bradford, Mourt’s Relation).

Published in 1622, Mourt’s Relation, which details the beginnings of Plimoth, continues on to say that under this agreement the colonists would “submit to such government and governors as we should by common consent agree to make and choose.” Likewise, William Bradford writes that in lieu of their original patent, the Mayflower Compact “might be as firm as any patent, and in some respects more sure.”

Localized governments were not unheard of in England at the time, but the “civic body politic” created by the Mayflower Compact was called upon to do much more than a similar body would back in England. Due to the distance between the Pilgrims and the centralized English government, ordinary men found themselves in leadership positions they wouldn’t have otherwise held.  John Robinson, the pastor of the Seperatist congregation to which many of the Pilgrims belonged, advised them that since they were “not furnished with any persons of special eminency above the rest” they would need to make prudent decisions when choosing leaders. Robinson counselled the Pilgrims to choose as leaders those who “diligently promote the common good,” and not to begrudge “in them the ordinariness of their persons, but God’s ordinance for your good” (Mourt’s Relation).